Study | Participants | Design | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Karacan et al (32) | 13 healthy pregnant women | EEG monitoring at regular intervals in sleep laboratory | Stage 4 sleep suppressed during pregnancy |
Frank et al (53) | 52 women with recurrent depression, of whom 24 had history of pregnancy-related episodes only | EEG monitoring while not currently pregnant or post partum | Longer REM sleep time in women with pregnancy-related episodes |
Coble et al (54) | Pregnant women with (n = 14) or without (n = 20) history of affective disorder | EEG monitoring at regular intervals from 12 wk gestation to 8 mo postpartum (in participants’ homes) | Women with history of affective disorder had:
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Lee et al (55) | 31 healthy pregnant women | EEG monitoring during each trimester of pregnancy and at 1 mo postpartum at home; mood assessment using CES-D; classified as either positive postpartum affect (< 30% change between third trimester and 1 mo postpartum scores) or negative postpartum affect (> 30% change between third trimester and 1 mo postpartum scores) |
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Godfroid et al (56) | 8 women with PPD, within 6 mo postpartum; 8 women with MDD and history of PPD; 8 women with MDD and no history of PPD | EEG monitoring in sleep laboratory |
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CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies — Depression Scale; EEG = electroencephalography; PPD = postpartum depression; MDD = major depressive disorder; REM = rapid eye movement.